Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. Simply, she placed the child in one end of a room and then brought in the rabbit. c. superego. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. Those who sit in the back of the room are underachievers who dont care. a. psychodynamic She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. d. cognitive-behavioral. 2.3.4.2. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. bodily sensations. c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. b. self-actualization. Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? c. superego. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). 3. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). 84. 2.3.3.1. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? 85. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. Hormonal imbalances. 122. For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: a. challenging irrational cognitions. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. b. dendrites. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. 15. Models aid us with doing all of this. a. id b. ego c. superego d. personality. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? I bet the bad behavior ended too. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? b. b. map, or sequence, genes. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. d. psychodynamic. How so? a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? d. frustrating the client. b. ego. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. Track the accuracy of the thought. 133. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. 27. b. secondary prevention. d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. 54. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). This is called the, Step 5 After a short time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so. b. rationalization. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. Cognitive therapies. d. reality principle. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. a. 2.2.2.1. b. Freud. What is this therapy? Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. b. working through. Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. 2.3.2.4. c. operant conditioning. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. 92. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. 67. OCD has an earlier age of onset in girls than boys, with most people being diagnosed by age 19. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. d. integrate new behaviors to compensate for other damaging behaviors. 2.3.4.3. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. a. Neurotransmitters are released. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). They protect the neuron from harmful substances. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. 118. Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. 82. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. Operant conditioning. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. As such, he continues to steal her toys. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. b. resistance. c. role-playing. Mood stabilizers are used to treat bipolar disorder and, at times, depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control. 35. The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. A friend recommends this therapy. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. What if you found out that a friend who sits in the front row is a C student but sits there because he cannot see the screen or board, even with corrective lenses? The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). Freud said this resistance revealed where issues persisted. a. disengaged b. neglectful c. enmeshed d. belittling. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. This begs the question of how we can really know that they exist. The neuron. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology. A primary focus of community-based mental health treatments is: a. education. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. d. catharsis. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. b. self-actualizing. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. Transcribed image text: model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and the need of human for velf acceptance. 50. b. humanistic. c. The receiving neurons fire.
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