Edward Snowden speaks English, some Russian, some Japanese and a little bit of Mandarin Chinese. Sweden ultimately rejected Snowden's asylum, however, so the award was accepted by his father, Lon Snowden, on his behalf. [96] Later estimates provided by U.S. officials were in the order of 1.7 million,[97] a number that originally came from Department of Defense talking points. [303][304], Snowden has said that, in the 2008 presidential election, he voted for a third-party candidate, though he "believed in Obama's promises." "[352][353] In December, the task force issued 46 recommendations that, if adopted, would subject the NSA to additional scrutiny by the courts, Congress, and the president, and would strip the NSA of the authority to infiltrate American computer systems using backdoors in hardware or software. A week prior to the announcement, Trump also said he had been thinking of letting Snowden return to the U.S. without facing any time in jail. Snowden, speaking to a Geneva, Switzerland audience via video link from Moscow, said he would love to return to Geneva, where he had previously worked undercover for the CIA. ", "All nations collect intelligence, Obama says", "Transcript Of President Obama's Speech On NSA Reforms", "Obama's "Factually Incorrect" Edward Snowden Remarks: Game Over for a Pardon? "[340][341][342] In August 2013, Obama rejected the suggestion that Snowden was a patriot,[343] and in November said that "the benefit of the debate he generated was not worth the damage done, because there was another way of doing it. He chose Hong Kong because at the time they have a spirited commitment to free speech and the right of political dissent. [63] An anonymous source told Reuters that, while in Hawaii, Snowden may have persuaded 2025 co-workers to give him their login credentials by telling them he needed them to do his job. As of March 2023, Edward Snowden's net worth is estimated to be roughly $500 Thousand. Glenn Greenwald said Snowden was motivated by a need to "ingratiate himself to the people of Hong Kong and China. ", Global Opposition to U.S. Surveillance and Drones, but Limited Harm to America's Image, "Snowden Files Declaration in NSA Spying Case Confirming Authenticity of Draft Inspector General Report Discussing Unprecedented Surveillance of Americans, Which He Helped Expose", "Edward Snowden Shares His Story in New Memoir That Hits Shelves in September", "Edward Snowden announces memoir 'Permanent Record' for fall release", "Yes, already: Two video games about Edward Snowden and stealthy data", "Edward Snowden cast as hero in smartphone game", "Edward Snowden gets his own graphic biography", "Rivers Cuomo guests on new Big Data track, "Snowed In", "Edward Snowden hooked up with a French electronica artist to cut a track about cybersecurity", "New York City Takes Down Edward Snowden Statue Erected By Guerilla Artists", "Statues Of Whistleblowers Edward Snowden, Julian Assange, Bradley Manning Unveiled in Berlin, Germany", "Ed Snowden joins Twitter, follows only the NSA", "Edward Snowden just joined Twitter. [30] Snowden looked into mass surveillance in China which prompted him to investigate and then expose Washington's mass surveillance program after he was asked in 2009 to brief a conference in Tokyo. In the U.S., Snowden's actions precipitated an intense debate on privacy and warrantless domestic surveillance. "[400] Then-Representative Mike Pompeo (R-KS) of the House Intelligence Committee, later director of the CIA and secretary of state, had tried unsuccessfully to get the SXSW management to cancel Snowden's appearance; instead, SXSW director Hugh Forrest said that the NSA was welcome to respond to Snowden at the 2015 conference. [157], In 2016, on The Axe Files podcast, former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder said that Snowden "performed a public service by raising the debate that we engaged in and by the changes that we made." Snowden first applied unsuccessfully for asylum in France in 2013, under then French President Franois Hollande. [263] Russian Federal Migration Service officials confirmed on July 16 that Snowden had submitted an application for temporary asylum. Evaluate the actions of Edward Snowden and determine if he should . [421] Snowden took the opportunity to affirm his role as a whistleblower, inform viewers of Tulsiani's background, and encourage investors to conduct proper research before spending any money. So when they say I'm a low-level systems administrator, that I don't know what I'm talking about, I'd say it's somewhat misleading. [124] Greenwald later said Snowden disclosed 9,000 to 10,000 documents. "There's actually not that much difference," Snowden said in an interview with the . [408], On November 10, 2015, Snowden appeared at the Newseum, via remote video link, for PEN American Center's "Secret Sources: Whistleblowers, National Security and Free Expression," event. Edward Snowden (@Snowden) February 27, 2022 Permanent Residency in Russia In October 2020, Snowden received permanent residency in Russia but he has been maintaining that he has neither. What did Edward Snowden do after he blew the whistle? [182], According to a report in The Washington Post in July 2014, relying on information furnished by Snowden, 90% of those placed under surveillance in the U.S. are ordinary Americans and are not the intended targets. [206][207][208] Hong Kong authorities said that Snowden had not been detained for the U.S. because the request had not fully complied with Hong Kong law[209][210] and there was no legal basis to prevent Snowden from leaving. [295] Of Russia he said, "One of the things that is lost in all the problematic politics of the Russian government is the fact this is one of the most beautiful countries in the world" with "friendly" and "warm" people. But the debate shouldn't be about him. What happens next? [348], In September 2016, the bipartisan U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence completed a review of the Snowden disclosures and said that the federal government would have to spend millions of dollars responding to the fallout from Snowden's disclosures. [140] The initial reports included details about NSA call database, Boundless Informant, and of a secret court order requiring Verizon to hand the NSA millions of Americans' phone records daily,[141] the surveillance of French citizens' phone and Internet records, and those of "high-profile individuals from the world of business or politics. The complaint listed the publishers Macmillan Publishing Group, LLC d.b.a. [290] In 2017, his temporary residency permit was extended for another three years. [271], In October 2020, Snowden was granted permanent residency in Russia. He cited a lack of whistleblower protection for government contractors, the use of the Espionage Act of 1917 to prosecute leakers and the belief that had he used internal mechanisms to "sound the alarm," his revelations "would have been buried forever. He was looking at me like I killed Ed,Lindsay described one officer. Holder nevertheless said that Snowden's actions were inappropriate and illegal. ", "Edward Snowden Makes No-Leak Promise in Asylum Bid: Lawyer", "Snowden meets with rights groups, seeks temporary asylum in Russia", "One Crucial Party Has Disappeared From Snowden's Story", "Evo Morales se abre a ceder asilo a Edward Snowden si lo solicita", "Evo Morales's controversial flight over Europe, minute by heavily disputed minute", "Spain 'told Edward Snowden was on Bolivia president's plane', "Rerouted Morales plane has South American leaders irate", "Julian Assange WikiLeaks Update: Edward Snowden Rumor Put Bolivian President's Life In Danger, Bolivia Claims", "Julian Assange reconoce que usaron a Evo Morales en fuga de Edward Snowden", "Edward Snowden asylum: countries approached and their responses", "Edward Snowden: I've applied for asylum in 21 countries", "Snowden Is Said to Claim U.S. Is Blocking Asylum Bids", "Ecuador cools on Edward Snowden asylum as Assange frustration grows", "Ecuador says it blundered over Snowden travel document", "Alleged Snowden Statement: Obama Administration 'Using Citizenship As A Weapon", "Venezuela, Nicaragua offer asylum to NSA leaker Snowden", "Poland, India, Brazil snub Snowden asylum application", "Edward Snowden seeks asylum in 20 nations, but gets no immediate takers", "US Threatened Germany Over Snowden, Vice Chancellor Says", "Vladimir Putin: Edward Snowden must stop leaking secrets to stay in Russia", "Edward Snowden withdraws Russian asylum request", "Leaker Files for Asylum to Remain in Russia", "Edward Snowden's statement to human rights groups in full", "Snowden has 'no regrets,' seeks asylum in Russia", "Fugitive Edward Snowden applies for asylum in Russia", "US will not seek death penalty for Edward Snowden, Holder tells Russia", "U.S. says allowing Snowden to leave airport would be disappointing", "U.S. vague on whether Obama will go to Moscow amid Snowden flap", "Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney, 7/12/2013", "Edward Snowden requests temporary asylum in Russia in compromise", "Edward Snowden requests a three-year extension of Russian residency", "Snowden received an indefinite residence permit in Russia (in Russian)", "Edward Snowden granted permanent residency in Russia", "US attorney general's letter to Russian justice minister", "U.S. won't seek death penalty for Snowden, Holder says in letter to Russian official", "Russia and US security services 'in talks' over Snowden", "Criminal Prohibitions on Leaks and Other Disclosures of Classified Defense Information", "Jesselyn Radack: Why Edward Snowden Wouldn't Get a Fair Trial", "United States Files Civil Lawsuit Against Edward Snowden", "United States of America v. Edward Snowden", "Judge Rules Snowden Cannot Profit From Book", "Snowden out of airport, still in Moscow", "Snowden's temporary asylum status expires in Russia", "Edward Snowden Can Stay in Russia for Three Years, Lawyer Says", "US sues for Edward Snowden's income from new book", "AP Exclusive: Barr 'vehemently opposed' to pardoning Snowden", "Edward Snowden Revealed As Key Participant In Mysterious Ceremony Creating $2 Billion Anonymous Cryptocurrency", " ", " 2019 ", " ", " ", " ", "Edward Snowden applies for Russian citizenship for sake of future son", "Snowden receives Russian passport, takes citizenship oath", "Edward Snowden gets Russian passport after swearing oath of allegiance", "NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden: 'I do not expect to see home again', "NSA leaker Ed Snowden's life on Ars Technica", "Footage released of Guardian editors destroying Snowden hard drives", "In 2009, Ed Snowden said leakers "should be shot." He participated by teleconference carried over multiple routers running the Google Hangouts platform. In October 2020, he was granted permanent residency in Russia. [17] The couple's first son was born in December 2020,[40] and their second son was born sometime before September 2022. '"[72] Greenwald's account differed on the point of Snowden being already ticketed. [52] In February 2009, Snowden resigned from the CIA. There is no news to know that Snowden is one of the most intelligent people alive. Edward Snowdens Twitter page states that he used to work for the government but is now a public servant. "[351], In August 2013, President Obama said that he had called for a review of U.S. surveillance activities before Snowden had begun revealing details of the NSA's operations,[343] and announced that he was directing DNI James Clapper "to establish a review group on intelligence and communications technologies. In the course of their daily work, they stumble across something that is completely unrelated in any sort of necessary sensefor example, an intimate nude photo of someone in a sexually compromising situation. [252] Brazil's Foreign Ministry said the government planned no response to Snowden's asylum request. Edward Snowden, arguably the world's most famous whistle-blower, is a man who lived behind plenty of pseudonyms before putting his true name to his truth-telling: When he was first communicating . A potential return to the United States seemed possible as, in August 2020, President Trump flirted with the idea of pardoning Snowden. Edward Snowden sparked huge sensational news stories and debates over the groundbreaking revelation of the massive surveillance program that was authorized by Congress and the president of the United States of America. He was voted as The Guardian's person of the year 2013, garnering four times the number of votes as any other candidate. "[249] Several days later, WikiLeaks announced that Snowden had applied for asylum in six additional countries, but declined to name them, alleging attempted U.S. "[359], On May 7, 2015, in the case of ACLU v. Clapper, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit said that Section 215 of the Patriot Act did not authorize the NSA to collect Americans' calling records in bulk, as exposed by Snowden in 2013. Snowden also applied for asylum in Denmark, but this was rejected by the center-right Danish Prime Minister Lars Lkke Rasmussen, who said he could see no reason to grant Snowden asylum, calling him a "criminal". "[221] Describing Snowden's arrival in Moscow as a surprise and likening it to "an unwanted Christmas gift,"[226] Russian president Putin said that Snowden remained in the transit area of Sheremetyevo Airport, had committed no crime in Russia, was free to leave and should do so. The Guardian's chief editor, Alan Rusbridger, credited Snowden for having performed a public service. WHISTLEBLOWER and former US intelligence contractor, Edward Snowden, was granted Russian citizenship by President Vladimir Putin on September 26, 2022. "[270], On April 16, 2020, CNN reported that Edward Snowden had requested a three-year extension of his Russian residency permit. "[73] Snowden subsequently told Wired that while at Dell in 2011, "I would sit down with the CIO of the CIA, the CTO of the CIA, the chiefs of all the technical branches. [119], Snowden communicated using encrypted email,[116] and going by the codename "Verax". Snowden shares a particular activity that he follows every time he uses a new smartphone. [208], In October 2013, Snowden said that before flying to Moscow, he gave all the classified documents he had obtained to journalists he met in Hong Kong and kept no copies for himself. [7] In a July 1 statement, Snowden said, "Although I am convicted of nothing, [the U.S. government] has unilaterally revoked my passport, leaving me a stateless person. [448] The documentary Citizenfour directed by Laura Poitras won Best Documentary Feature at the 87th Academy Awards. T he individual responsible for one of the most significant leaks in US political history is Edward Snowden, a 29-year-old former technical assistant for the CIA and current employee of the . [20] His maternal grandfather, Edward J. Barrett,[21][22] a rear admiral in the U.S. Coast Guard, became a senior official with the FBI and was at the Pentagon in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. The right to seek asylum. Edward Snowden (@Snowden) October 28, 2020 Snowden announced in October, 2020, that he and his wife, Lindsay Mills, are expecting a child. Phone Data Program", "Watch Top U.S. Intelligence Officials Repeatedly Deny NSA Spying On Americans Over The Last Year (Videos)", "NSA whistleblower, Edward Snowden, confirms he will stay in Hong Kong and resist US extradition attempts", "CNN Newsroom Transcripts: NSA Leaker Revealed; More on the Santa Monica Shooting; Apple Fans & Investors Watch and Wait; George Zimmerman Trials Begins", "Behind Snowden's Hong Kong exit: fear and persuasion", "Whistle-blower Edward Snowden tells SCMP: 'Let Hong Kong people decide my fate', "Greenwald: Snowden's Files Are Out There if 'Anything Happens' to Him", "Refugees who helped Edward Snowden now look to Canada as their only hope", "After Edward Snowden Fled U.S., Asylum Seekers in Hong Kong Took Him In", "Report: Snowden stayed at Russian consulate while in Hong Kong", "Snowden Calls Russian-Spy Story "Absurd" in Exclusive Interview", "Edward Snowden passed time in airport reading and surfing internet", "Snowden "asked Russian diplomats in Hong Kong for help" - Putin", "Snowden is in 'safe place' waiting for his father to discuss future", "US revokes NSA leaker Edward Snowden's passport, as he reportedly seeks asylum in Ecuador", "Offering Snowden Aid, WikiLeaks Gets Back in the Game", "Snowden leaves Hong Kong; final destination unclear", "Whistleblower Edward Snowden on Trump, Obama & How He Ended Up in Russia to Avoid U.S. [420] In September 2021, Yahoo! [27] Although Snowden had no undergraduate college degree,[34] he worked online toward a master's degree at the University of Liverpool, England, in 2011. [62] While intelligence officials have described his position there as a system administrator, Snowden has said he was an infrastructure analyst, which meant that his job was to look for new ways to break into Internet and telephone traffic around the world. Edward Snowden discloses U.S. government operations On June 6, 2013, Americans learned that their government was spying broadly on its own people. 641 Theft of Government Property, 18 U.S.C. "[139] Reports also revealed details of Tempora, a secret British surveillance program run by the NSA's British partner, GCHQ. [389] Snowden said 18 to 22-year-old analysts were suddenly, "thrust into a position of extraordinary responsibility, where they now have access to all your private records. "[122], Snowden said he wanted to "embolden others to step forward" by demonstrating that "they can win. [91] [314], In 2014, Obama stated, "our nation's defense depends in part on the fidelity of those entrusted with our nation's secrets. Probably Snowden's biggest revelation was concerning a program called PRISM, under which the National Security Agency (NSA) accesses emails, documents, photographs and other sensitive . Citing Obama's promise to not allow "wheeling and dealing" over the case, Snowden commented, "This kind of deception from a world leader is not justice, and neither is the extralegal penalty of exile. If something unforeseen befalls Snowden, Greenwald reported, more information will inevitably be leaked. [39] After distinguishing himself as a junior employee on the top computer team, Snowden was sent to the CIA's secret school for technology specialists, where he lived in a hotel for six months while studying and training full-time. [407], In April 2015, John Oliver, the host of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, flew to Moscow to interview Edward Snowden. [34] Snowden's rsum stated that he attended computer-related classes at Johns Hopkins University. The appeals court did not rule on the constitutionality of the bulk surveillance and declined to enjoin the program, noting the pending expiration of relevant parts of the Patriot Act. Specifically, the charges filed in the Criminal Complaint were: Each of the three charges carries a maximum possible prison term of ten years. [57] In 2011, he returned to Maryland, where he spent a year as lead technologist on Dell's CIA account. [297][298] The new permanent residence permit must be replaced three times in a lifetime like an ordinary internal passport for Russian citizens. Then-Attorney General Bill Barr vehemently opposed a potential pardon. He objected to the "sensational" way the leaks were reported, saying the reporting often "shed more heat than light." "[154] The NSA was shown to be secretly accessing Yahoo and Google data centers to collect information from hundreds of millions of account holders worldwide by tapping undersea cables using the MUSCULAR surveillance program. Edward Snowden, the most famous US whistleblower, met with T he Guardian's Ewen MacAskill for an interview ahead of the publication of the former US intel worker's new book, Permanent Record. Snowden is . Edward Snowden . The result was caused by the United States' intervention. [292] (A single bitcoin was then worth about $1,000. I had raised these complaints not just officially in writing through email, but to my supervisors, to my colleagues, in more than one office. Define the terms "traitor" and "whistleblower" and apply the terms to Edward Snowden. [116] According to Poitras, Snowden chose to contact her after seeing her New York Times article about NSA whistleblower William Binney. [294] Snowden said his work for the NSA and CIA showed him that the United States Intelligence Community (IC) had "hacked the Constitution", and that he had concluded there was no option for him but to expose his revelations via the press. [136], On June 5, 2013, media reports documenting the existence and functions of classified surveillance programs and their scope began and continued throughout the entire year. Snowden made a number of claims about the Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB) of New Zealand. Snowden appears to still be in Russia, but that may change. The former colleague said Snowden was given full administrator privileges with virtually unlimited access to NSA data. [109] Gus Hosein, executive director of Privacy International, criticized the report for, in his opinion, presuming that the public became concerned about privacy only after Snowden's disclosures. [383] [131][137][138] Barton Gellman of The Washington Post was the first journalist to report on Snowden's documents. He appears to value his role as a public defender. [232] No direct flights between Moscow and Venezuela, Bolivia, or Nicaragua existed, however, and the U.S. pressured countries along his route to hand him over. [147] The agencies were allotted $52billion for the 2013 fiscal year. The FBI demanded that Nordic countries arrest Snowden should he visit their countries. And when I came here I did not understand any of this. Evans love life explored, Where are ABBA now? 32. His moms cancer battle. [356] "[236], In an October 2014 interview with The Nation magazine, Snowden reiterated that he had originally intended to travel to Latin America: "A lot of people are still unaware that I never intended to end up in Russia." During the first Global Encryption Day, Snowden described granting government such access as a colossal mistake. Tech companies argue that encrypting messages is crucial in maintaining privacy between individuals. [425] In its Spring 2014 Global Attitudes Survey, the Pew Research Center found that Snowden's disclosures had tarnished the image of the United States, especially in Europe and Latin America. Permanent Mission to the United Nations, a diplomatic mission representing U.S. interests before the UN and other international organizations, Snowden received a diplomatic passport and a four-bedroom apartment near Lake Geneva. [200] Kucherena said Snowden did not communicate with Russian diplomats while he was in Hong Kong. [405] He made a similar video link appearance on February 2, 2015, along with Greenwald, as the keynote speaker at the World Affairs Conference at Upper Canada College in Toronto. The greatest gift is the love we share,Edward wrote on Twitter alongside a photo of himself, his wife, and his newborn child. The greatest gift is the love we share. 792 et. His leak revealed numerous global surveillance programs run by the United States and the United Kingdom. Snowden later described Judge Leon's decision as vindication. "[72] In a July interview with The Guardian, Snowden explained that, during his NSA career, "I began to move from merely overseeing these systems to actively directing their use. [365][366] Snowden gave written testimony in which he said that he was seeking asylum in the EU, but that he was told by European Parliamentarians that the U.S. would not allow EU partners to make such an offer. Leon's ruling was stayed pending an appeal by the government. passport. At the meeting, Snowden gave Strbele a letter to the German government, parliament, and federal Attorney-General, the details of which were to later be made public. Oliver Stone and written by Stone and Kieran Fitzgerald, was released in 2016. But they're extremely attractive. These and similar and related issues are discussed in an essay by David Pozen, in a chapter of the book Whistleblowing Nation, published in March 2020,[89] an adaptation of which[90] also appeared on Lawfare Blog in March 2019. [54] Investigators estimated that of the 50,000 to 200,000 documents Snowden gave to Greenwald and Poitras, most were copied by Snowden while working at Dell. He described the NSA's PRISM program as the U.S. government using businesses to collect data for them, and that the NSA "intentionally misleads corporate partners" using, as an example, the Bullrun decryption program to create backdoor access. [399] Snowden said that the NSA was "setting fire to the future of the internet," and that the SXSW audience was "the firefighters. The couple hid the babys face with a blushing emoji. [117] What originally attracted Snowden to Greenwald and Poitras was a Salon article written by Greenwald detailing how Poitras's controversial films had made her a target of the government. [30] His parents divorced in 2001,[31] and his father remarried. Apparently, under an agreement with the Danish government, a US government jet lay in wait on standby in Copenhagen, to transfer Snowden back to the United States from any Scandinavian country. "[295], Pentagon Papers leaker Daniel Ellsberg called Snowden's release of NSA material the most significant leak in U.S. [198] Ben Wizner, a lawyer with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and legal adviser to Snowden, said in January 2014, "Every news organization in the world has been trying to confirm that story. A closer look at Mikes love life, Edward wrote on Twitter alongside a photo of himself, Isabella Russos ethnicity Her Asian roots explained, What is Ines Tazis ethnicity? [32], In the early 1990s, while still in grade school, Snowden moved with his family to the area of Fort Meade, Maryland. [30][48] The Agency assigned him to the global communications division at CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia. In his words, he was "trained as a spy in the traditional sense of the word in that I lived and worked undercover overseaspretending to work in a job that I'm notand even being assigned a name that was not mine." [216] Assange also asked Fidel Narvez, consul at the Ecuadorian embassy in London, to sign an emergency travel document for Snowden. Edward Snowden leaked thousands of National Security Agency (NSA) documents to journalists that detailed the intelligence agency's mass surveillance of the public. Whistleblower Edward Snowden says he has been working harder and doing more significant things while in exile in Russia than he did while being a contractor for the National Security Agency (NSA). It indicates the ability to send an email. Answer (1 of 3): Edward Snowden, a former contractor for the National Security Agency (NSA), collected a large amount of classified information on the agency's surveillance programs, including the PRISM program, which allowed the agency to collect data from major technology companies. Why did he do. [95] NSA Director Keith Alexander initially estimated that Snowden had copied anywhere from 50,000 to 200,000 NSA documents. He said that the NSA had copies of emails he sent to their Office of General Counsel, oversight, and compliance personnel broaching "concerns about the NSA's interpretations of its legal authorities. So what do they do? [376][377] Snowden rejected this insinuation,[378] speculating on Twitter in German that "it cannot be proven if Maaen is an agent of the SVR or FSB. Edward J. Snowden speaking via video link to a technology conference in Lisbon in November. Yes, Really", "Secret Sources: Whistleblowers, National Security, and Free Expression", "In exile, Edward Snowden rakes in speaking fees while hoping for a pardon", "Libreplanet 2016: The Last Lighthouse: Free Software In Dark Times", "LibrePlanet begins with Snowden, ends with DRM protest", "Edward Snowden: Privacy can't depend on corporations standing up to the government", "Snowden Used Free Software Because He Was Afraid of Backdoors in Microsoft Apps", "Against the Law: Countering Lawful Abuses of Digital Surveillance", "Edward Snowden's New Research Aims to Keep Smartphones From Betraying Their Owners", "Snowden Designs a Device to Warn if Your iPhone's Radios Are Snitching", "Edward Snowden designs phone case to show when data is being monitored", "Edward Snowden co-designs an iPhone case that alerts user to surveillance activity", "Edward Snowden has taken $1.2m in speaking fees in exile, US filing says", "Canadian whom Edward Snowden called out for past involvement in a multi-million dollar scheme says he's 'worked hard to move on', "This "quasi-criminally" charged investor invited Edward Snowden to speak at conference, and Snowden exposed him", "The Snowden Effect: definition and examples", "What the Press Should Learn From the 'Snowden Effect', "The Snowden Effect Hits Congress: Will Effective Crowdsourced Lobbying Follow? [125], Within months, documents had been obtained and published by media outlets worldwide, most notably The Guardian (Britain), Der Spiegel (Germany), The Washington Post and The New York Times (U.S.), O Globo (Brazil), Le Monde (France), and similar outlets in Sweden, Canada, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and Australia. [316], In 2013, Donald Trump made a series of tweets in which he referred to Snowden as a "traitor", saying he gave "serious information to China and Russia" and "should be executed".
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